Low temperatures do not impair the bacterial plasmid conjugation on poultry meat.

Conjugation plays an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes. Besides, this process is influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors, especially temperature. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different conditions of temperature and storage (time and recipient) of poultry meat, intended for the final consumer, affect the plasmid transfer between pathogenic (harboring the IncB/O-plasmid) and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli organisms. The determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ampicillin, cephalexin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime was performed before and after the conjugation assay. It was possible to recover transconjugants in the poultry meat at all the treatments, also these bacteria showed a significant increase of the MIC for all antimicrobials tested. Our results show that a non-pathogenic E. coli can acquire an IncB/O-plasmid through a conjugation process in poultry meat, even stored at low temperatures. Once acquired, the resistance genes endanger public health especially when it is about critically and highly important antimicrobials to human medicine.

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis and associated factors in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the prevalence of latent tuberculosis in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis and associated factors. METHOD: a cross-sectional study conducted with 176 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. The tuberculin test was performed with the standardized antigen, distributed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and the reading occurred after 72 to 96 hours of the application. An association test (Chi-square, Fisher's exact), prevalence ratio, and multivariate regression tests were performed. RESULTS: the prevalence of latent tuberculosis diagnosed through Tuberculosis Skin Test was 8.5% (15/176). The "has/has had diabetes" (aOR: 0.117; 95%CI: 0.015-0.92) and "having regular garbage collection (aOR: 0.076; 95%CI: 0.008-0.702) factors were associated with a lower probability of having a Positive skin test. CONCLUSION: the low prevalence of latent tuberculosis identified and the factors associated with it reinforce the need for screening for latent tuberculosis infection for diabetics combined with an analysis of previous risk factors and comorbidities.

High Incidence of Congenital Syphilis after Implementation of the Brazilian Ministry of Health Ordinances Related to Maternal Diagnostics.

The increasing rates of maternal and congenital syphilis (CS) infections are public health concerns and need further investigation in order to provide better assistance in epidemiological surveillance and new strategies for the assistance and prevention of CS. In December 2011, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (BMH) implemented ordinance number 3.242, reinforced in 2012 by ordinance number 77, aiming to improve the quality of the syphilis diagnosis system using rapid tests. Here, we evaluate the incidence, lethality, and possible factors associated with CS in Salvador, Bahia, in the pre-resolution period (2007 to 2011) and post-resolution (2012 to 2016). An observational, ecological time-series study is conducted using secondary data collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Linear regression analysis to estimate increases or reductions in the mean incidence over time is also performed. A total of 5470 CS cases are analyzed. The incidence ranges from 2.1 cases per 1000 live births in 2007 to 17.1 cases per 1000 live births in 2019, showing a progressive increase in incidence over the years and reduction of lethality in the post-resolution period. The number of CS cases reported prior to the implementation of the ordinances (2007-2011) does not reveal a significant increase in the incidence. However, in the post-ordinances period (2012-2019), there is an average increase of the number of CS cases by three times over the years, with an average increase of 1.8 new cases annually. Our findings highlight the importance of diagnosis and support information in strategies for CS prevention. Furthermore, these data show a positive impact of resolutions on the diagnosis and evolution of the disease.

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis and associated factors in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis / Prevalência de tuberculose latente e fatores associados em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise / Prevalencia de tuberculosis latente y factores asociados en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis

Objective: to identify the prevalence of latent tuberculosis in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis and associated factors. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted with 176 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. The tuberculin test was performed with the standardized antigen, distributed by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and the reading occurred after 72 to 96 hours of the application. An association test (Chi-square, Fisher's exact), prevalence ratio, and multivariate regression tests were performed. Results: the prevalence of latent tuberculosis diagnosed through Tuberculosis Skin Test was 8.5% (15/176). The "has/has had diabetes" (aOR: 0.117; 95%CI: 0.015-0.92) and "having regular garbage collection (aOR: 0.076; 95%CI: 0.008-0.702) factors were associated with a lower probability of having a Positive skin test. Conclusion: the low prevalence of latent tuberculosis identified and the factors associated with it reinforce the need for screening for latent tuberculosis infection for diabetics combined with an analysis of previous risk factors and comorbidities.

Objetivo: identificar a prevalência de tuberculose latente em pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise e fatores associados. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 176 pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. O teste tuberculínico foi realizado com o antígeno padronizado, distribuído pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, e a leitura ocorreu após 72 a 96 horas da aplicação. Foram realizados teste de associação (Qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher), razão de prevalência e regressão multivariada. Resultados: a prevalência de tuberculose latente (teste tuberculínico positivo) foi de 8,5% (15/176). Os fatores "tem/teve diabetes" (ORa:0,117; IC95% 0,015-0,92) e "ter coleta de lixo regular" (ORa:0,076; IC95% 0,008-0,702) foram associados a menores probabilidades de ter teste tuberculínico positivo. Conclusão: a baixa prevalência de tuberculose latente identificada e os fatores associados à mesma reforçam a necessidade de uma triagem da infecção latente por tuberculose para diabéticos combinada com a análise de fatores de risco e comorbidades prévias.

Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia de tuberculosis latente en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis y factores asociados. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 176 pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis. La prueba cutánea de la tuberculina se realizó con el antígeno estandarizado, distribuido por el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil, y la lectura se realizó después de 72 a 96 horas de la aplicación. Se realizaron pruebas de asociación (Chi-cuadrado, exacta de Fisher), razón de prevalencia y regresión multivariante. Resultados: la prevalencia de tuberculosis latente (prueba de tuberculina positiva) fue de 8,5% (15/176). Los factores "tiene/ha tenido diabetes" (ORa: 0,117; IC del 95%: 0,015-0,92) y "tener recolección regular de residuos" (ORa: 0,076; IC del 95%: 0,008-0,702) se asociaron con menores probabilidades de tener una prueba de tuberculina positiva. Conclusión: la baja prevalencia de tuberculosis latente registrada y sus factores asociados refuerzan la necesidad del cribado de la infección tuberculosa latente en diabéticos combinado con el análisis de factores de riesgo y comorbilidades previas.

Clinical and epidemiological features of pertussis in Salvador, Brazil, 2011-2016.

Pertussis, a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, is distributed globally. Vaccination has been crucial to annual reductions in the number of cases. However, disease reemergence has occurred over the last decade in several countries, including Brazil. Here we describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of suspected pertussis cases in Salvador, Brazil, and evaluate factors associated with case confirmation. This descriptive and retrospective study was conducted in the five hospitals in Salvador that reported the highest number of pertussis cases between 2011-2016. Demographic and clinical data were recorded for each patient. Bivariate analysis was performed to evaluate differences between groups (confirmed vs. unconfirmed cases) using Pearson's Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: Of 529 suspected pertussis cases, 29.7% (157/529) were confirmed by clinical, clinical-epidemiological or laboratory criteria, with clinical criteria most frequently applied (63.7%; 100/157). Unvaccinated individuals (43.3%; 68/157) were the most affected, followed by age groups 2-3 months (37.6%; 59/157) and <2 months (31.2%; 49/157). Overall, ≤50% of the confirmed cases presented a complete vaccination schedule. All investigated cases presented cough in association with one or more symptoms, especially paroxysmal cough (66.9%; 105/529) (p = 0.001) or cyanosis (66.2%; 104/529) (p<0.001). Our results indicate that pertussis occurred mainly in infants and unvaccinated individuals in Salvador, Brazil. The predominance of clinical criteria used to confirm suspected cases highlights the need for improvement in the laboratory tools used to perform rapid diagnosis. Fluctuations in infection prevalence demonstrate the importance of vaccination strategies in improving the control and prevention of pertussis.

Meningococcal carriage in young adults six years after meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccine catch-up campaign in Salvador, Brazil.

Meningococcal carriage studies are important to improve the knowledge of disease epidemiology as well as to support appropriate vaccination strategies. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of meningococci collected from young adults in Salvador, Brazil six years after a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine catch-up campaign. From August through November 2016, oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 407 students aged 1824 years attending a private college in Salvador, Brazil. Neisseria meningitidis was identified by standard microbiology methods and real time PCR. Genetic characteristics of meningococci were assessed by rt-PCR and/or whole genome sequencing. We also investigated potential factors associated with carriage. N. meningitidis was detectable in 50 students, 39 by both culture and rt-PCR, 7 by culture alone and 4 by rt-PCR alone, resulting in an overall meningococcal carriage prevalence of 12.3% (50/407). Carriage was independently associated with male sex (adjusted PR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.12-3.46; p = 0.018) and attending bars or parties at least once per month (aPR: 3.31; 95% CI: 1.49-7.38; p = 0.003). Molecular tests identified 92% (46/50) N. meningitidis as non-groupable, of which 63% (29/46) had the capsule null genotype; 14 NG isolates contained disrupted capsule backbones and belonged to the following genogroups: 7 B, 3 Z, 3 E and 1 W. One isolate belonged to genogroup C tested only by PCR; 3 isolates contained a complete B capsule backbones, 2 of which were determined to be NG by slide agglutination serogrouping. While most meningococcal carriage isolates were non-groupable, there was a high degree of genetic diversity present in the collection, as evidenced by 25 unique STs being detected. The carriage prevalence of meningococcal serogroup C was low among young adults. Continuous vaccination is important to maintain reduced meningococcal carriage and transmission, inducing herd protection.

Carriage prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis in the Americas in the 21st century: a systematic review

Abstract Neisseria meningitidis is a bacterium that colonizes the human nasopharynx and is transmitted by respiratory droplets from asymptomatic or symptomatic carriers. Occasionally, the pathogen invades the mucosa and enters the bloodstream, causing invasive meningococcal disease, a life-threatening infection. While meningococcal colonization is the first step in the development of invasive disease, the risk factors that predict progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic status are not well-known. The present report aimed to describe the prevalence of N. meningitidis carriers throughout the Americas, emphasizing the risk factors associated with carrier status, as well as the most prevalent serogroups in each studied population. We conducted a systematic review by searching for original studies in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, LILACS and SciELO databases, published between 2001 and 2018. Exclusion criteria were articles published in a review format, case studies, case control studies, investigations involving animal models, and techniques or publications that did not address the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in an American country. A total of 784 articles were identified, of which 23 were selected. The results indicate that the highest prevalence rates are concentrated in Cuba (31.9%), the United States (24%), and Brazil (21.5%), with increased prevalence found among adolescents and young adults, specifically university students and males. The present systematic review was designed to support epidemiological surveillance and prevention measures to aid in the formulation of strategies designed to control the transmission of meningococci in a variety of populations and countries throughout the Americas.

Carriage prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis in the Americas in the 21st century: a systematic review.

Neisseria meningitidis is a bacterium that colonizes the human nasopharynx and is transmitted by respiratory droplets from asymptomatic or symptomatic carriers. Occasionally, the pathogen invades the mucosa and enters the bloodstream, causing invasive meningococcal disease, a life-threatening infection. While meningococcal colonization is the first step in the development of invasive disease, the risk factors that predict progression from asymptomatic to symptomatic status are not well-known. The present report aimed to describe the prevalence of N. meningitidis carriers throughout the Americas, emphasizing the risk factors associated with carrier status, as well as the most prevalent serogroups in each studied population. We conducted a systematic review by searching for original studies in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, LILACS and SciELO databases, published between 2001 and 2018. Exclusion criteria were articles published in a review format, case studies, case control studies, investigations involving animal models, and techniques or publications that did not address the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in an American country. A total of 784 articles were identified, of which 23 were selected. The results indicate that the highest prevalence rates are concentrated in Cuba (31.9%), the United States (24%), and Brazil (21.5%), with increased prevalence found among adolescents and young adults, specifically university students and males. The present systematic review was designed to support epidemiological surveillance and prevention measures to aid in the formulation of strategies designed to control the transmission of meningococci in a variety of populations and countries throughout the Americas.

Association of Infections with the Use of a Temporary Double-Lumen Catheter for Hemodialysis.

The goal of this study was to identify the occurrence of secondary infection due to the use of temporary double-lumen catheters for hemodialysis in 96 patients with acute kidney injury or acute chronic kidney disease. For each patient, we collected a swab from the skin localized in the insertion of catheter before antisepsis; blood cultures from the catheter lumen, peripheral vein, and central venous access in withdrawing catheter; and cultures of catheter tips. Catheters were implanted into a femoral vein in 56.2% of patients. In 67.7% of patients, the catheter remained in place for 1 to 10 days, microbiological colonization was found in 51% of the catheters, 14.3% of patients had a bloodstream infection related to catheter, and 10.4% had an infection at the catheter insertion site. This study pointed out many health concerns related to the use of a catheter.

Impact of meningococcal C conjugate vaccination programs with and without catch-up campaigns in adolescents: Lessons learned from Bahia, Brazil.

The significant increase in the incidence rates and ongoing outbreaks of serogroup C meningococcal (MenC) disease, associated with the sequence type-103 complex, motivated the incorporation of the meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccine in the routine immunization program in the State of Bahia, Brazil in early 2010, targeting children younger than 5 years of age. In its capital, Salvador, the program also included a catch-up campaign for individuals 10-24 years of age. We performed an observational, ecological study, analyzing data collected from 2007 to 2015, to compare the impact of these two immunization strategies on meningococcal disease incidence and mortality rates. In Salvador, following the vaccination program, a dramatic early impact on MenC disease and mortality rates could be observed, with significant reductions in incidence rates of MenC disease in all age groups, including individuals that were too old to have been vaccinated, indicating the presence of herd protection. Compared to the pre-vaccine period, a virtual disappearance of MenC disease was observed in 2015. However, in the state of Bahia (excluding the city of Salvador), no herd protection could be observed, with significant impact only among vaccine-eligible children within 5 years of introduction of the MCC vaccination program. These results highlight the importance of catch-up campaigns, including adolescents and young adults, to induce herd protection compared to immunization strategies restricted to infants and young children. This information is crucial for identifying optimal immunization policies and future strategies, focused on adolescents, to optimize the impact of MCC vaccination programs.

Overlapping SETBP1 gain-of-function mutations in Schinzel-Giedion syndrome and hematologic malignancies.

Schinzel-Giedion syndrome (SGS) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by multiple malformations, severe neurological alterations and increased risk of malignancy. SGS is caused by de novo germline mutations clustering to a 12bp hotspot in exon 4 of SETBP1. Mutations in this hotspot disrupt a degron, a signal for the regulation of protein degradation, and lead to the accumulation of SETBP1 protein. Overlapping SETBP1 hotspot mutations have been observed recurrently as somatic events in leukemia. We collected clinical information of 47 SGS patients (including 26 novel cases) with germline SETBP1 mutations and of four individuals with a milder phenotype caused by de novo germline mutations adjacent to the SETBP1 hotspot. Different mutations within and around the SETBP1 hotspot have varying effects on SETBP1 stability and protein levels in vitro and in in silico modeling. Substitutions in SETBP1 residue I871 result in a weak increase in protein levels and mutations affecting this residue are significantly more frequent in SGS than in leukemia. On the other hand, substitutions in residue D868 lead to the largest increase in protein levels. Individuals with germline mutations affecting D868 have enhanced cell proliferation in vitro and higher incidence of cancer compared to patients with other germline SETBP1 mutations. Our findings substantiate that, despite their overlap, somatic SETBP1 mutations driving malignancy are more disruptive to the degron than germline SETBP1 mutations causing SGS. Additionally, this suggests that the functional threshold for the development of cancer driven by the disruption of the SETBP1 degron is higher than for the alteration in prenatal development in SGS. Drawing on previous studies of somatic SETBP1 mutations in leukemia, our results reveal a genotype-phenotype correlation in germline SETBP1 mutations spanning a molecular, cellular and clinical phenotype.

Predictors of smoking cessation in smokers with chronic periodontitis: a 24-month study.

The purpose of this 24-month study was to identify predictors of smoking cessation in a cohort of smokers with chronic periodontitis, attending a multidisciplinary smoking cessation program. Of the 286 subjects screened, 116 were included and received non-surgical periodontal treatment and smoking cessation therapy, which consisted of lectures, cognitive behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy, according to their individual needs. During initial periodontal treatment, dentists actively motivated the study subjects to stop smoking, using motivational interviewing techniques. Further smoking cessation counseling and support were also provided by the dentists, during periodontal maintenance sessions at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of follow-up. Smoking status was assessed by means of a structured questionnaire, and was validated by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) measurements. The Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence was used to assess smoking dependence. Of the 61 individuals that remained up to the 24-month examination, 31, 21 and 18 declared that they were not smoking at 3, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Smoking cessation after 24 months was associated with the male gender (OR = 3.77, 95%CI = 1.16-12.30), baseline CO levels less than 10ppm (OR = 5.81, 95%CI 1.76-19.23), not living or working with another smoker (OR = 7.38, 95%CI 1.76-30.98) and a lower mean Fagerström test score (OR = 5.63, 95%CI 1.55-20.43). We concluded that smoking cessation was associated with demographic, smoking history and cigarette dependence variables.

Predictors of smoking cessation in smokers with chronic periodontitis: a 24-month study

Abstract The purpose of this 24-month study was to identify predictors of smoking cessation in a cohort of smokers with chronic periodontitis, attending a multidisciplinary smoking cessation program. Of the 286 subjects screened, 116 were included and received non-surgical periodontal treatment and smoking cessation therapy, which consisted of lectures, cognitive behavioral therapy, and pharmacotherapy, according to their individual needs. During initial periodontal treatment, dentists actively motivated the study subjects to stop smoking, using motivational interviewing techniques. Further smoking cessation counseling and support were also provided by the dentists, during periodontal maintenance sessions at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months of follow-up. Smoking status was assessed by means of a structured questionnaire, and was validated by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) measurements. The Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence was used to assess smoking dependence. Of the 61 individuals that remained up to the 24-month examination, 31, 21 and 18 declared that they were not smoking at 3, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Smoking cessation after 24 months was associated with the male gender (OR = 3.77, 95%CI = 1.16-12.30), baseline CO levels less than 10ppm (OR = 5.81, 95%CI 1.76-19.23), not living or working with another smoker (OR = 7.38, 95%CI 1.76-30.98) and a lower mean Fagerström test score (OR = 5.63, 95%CI 1.55-20.43). We concluded that smoking cessation was associated with demographic, smoking history and cigarette dependence variables.

[Self-Care, Sense Of Coherence And Depression In Patients Hospitalized For Decompensated Heart Failure]. / Autocuidado, senso de coerência e depressão em pacienteshospitalizados por insuficiência cardíaca descompensada.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the self-care behaviors according to gender, the symptoms of depression and sense of coherence and compare the measurements of depression and sense of coherence according to gender. METHOD: A correlational, cross-sectional study that investigated 132 patients with decompensated heart failure (HF). Data were collected through interviews and consultation to medical records, and analyzed using the chi-square and the Student's t tests with significance level of 0.05. Participants were 75 men and 57 women, aged 63.2 years on average (SD = 13.8). RESULTS: No differences in self-care behavior by gender were found, except for rest after physical activity (p = 0.017). Patients who practiced physical activity showed fewer symptoms of depression (p<0.001). There were no differences in sense of coherence according to self-care behavior and gender. Women had more symptoms of depression than men (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Special attention should be given to women with HF considering self-care and depressive symptoms.

Self-Care, Sense Of Coherence And Depression In Patients Hospitalized For Decompensated Heart Failure / Autocuidado, Sentido De Coherencia Y Depresión En Pacientes Hospitalizados Por Insuficiencia Cardiaca Descompensada / Autocuidado, senso de coerência e depressão em pacientes hospitalizados por insuficiência cardíaca descompensada

OBJECTIVE To analyze the self-care behaviors according to gender, the symptoms of depression and sense of coherence and compare the measurements of depression and sense of coherence according to gender. METHOD A correlational, cross-sectional study that investigated 132 patients with decompensated heart failure (HF). Data were collected through interviews and consultation to medical records, and analyzed using the chi-square and the Student's t tests with significance level of 0.05. Participants were 75 men and 57 women, aged 63.2 years on average (SD = 13.8). RESULTS No differences in self-care behavior by gender were found, except for rest after physical activity (p = 0.017). Patients who practiced physical activity showed fewer symptoms of depression (p<0.001). There were no differences in sense of coherence according to self-care behavior and gender. Women had more symptoms of depression than men (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Special attention should be given to women with HF considering self-care and depressive symptoms. .

OBJETIVO Analizar los comportamientos de autocuidado según el sexo, síntomas de depresión y sentido de coherencia y comparar las medidas de depresión y sentido de coherencia según el sexo. MÉTODO Estudio correlacional, de corte transversal, que investigó a 132 pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) descompensada. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante entrevistas y consultas a las fichas médicas y analizados por las pruebas Chi cuadrado y t de Student, con nivel de significación de 0,05. Participaron 75 hombres y 57 mujeres, con promedio de edad de 63,2 años (D.P.=13,8). RESULTADOS No hemos constatado diferencias en los comportamientos de autocuidado según el sexo, excepto para descanso luego de actividad física (p=0,017). Pacientes que realizaban actividad física presentaron menos síntomas de depresión (p<0,001). No hubo diferencias en el sentido de coherencia, según el comportamiento de autocuidado y el sexo. Las mujeres presentaron más síntomas de depresión que los hombres (p=0,002). CONCLUSIÓN Se les debe proporcionar una atención especial a las mujeres con IC considerando el autocuidado y los síntomas depresivos. .

OBJETIVO Analisar os comportamentos de autocuidado segundo o sexo, sintomas de depressão e senso de coerência e comparar as medidas de depressão e senso de coerência segundo o sexo. MÉTODO Estudo correlacional, de corte transversal, que investigou 132 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada. Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas e consultas aos prontuários e analisados pelos testes Qui-quadrado e t de Student, com nível de significância de 0,05. Participaram 75 homens e 57 mulheres, com média de idade de 63,2 anos (D.P.=13,8). RESULTADOS Não constatamos diferenças nos comportamentos de autocuidado segundo o sexo, exceto para descanso após atividade física (p=0,017). Pacientes que realizavam atividade física apresentaram menos sintomas de depressão (p<0,001). Não houve diferenças no senso de coerência, segundo o comportamento de autocuidado e o sexo. Mulheres apresentaram mais sintomas de depressão que os homens (p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO Deve ser proporcionada uma atenção especial às mulheres com IC considerando o autocuidado e os sintomas depressivos. .

Educação em saúde e cidadania: revisão integrativa / Health education and citizenship: integrative review / Educación en salud y ciudadanía: revisión integradora

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma revisão integrativa de literatura sobre educação em saúde e cidadania, que buscou conhecer e analisar as diferentes contribuições científicas disponíveis. A educação em saúde reflete uma estratégia que almeja um cidadão coautor do processo de construção do cuidado à sua saúde. Utilizouse para a coleta de dados a base Lilacs (Literatura LatinoAmericana do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde) no período de 2000 a 2011, totalizando 79 produções. Após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, a amostra final incluiu dez publicações. A pesquisa trouxe a prevalência de estudos da natureza artigo, apresentando mais de três autores, com predominância de docentes e produção do tipo revisão teórica. As categorias que emergiram do estudo foram: educação em saúde - historicidade e bases conceituais; e educação popular como geradora de cidadania. As evidências mostraram o processo histórico das políticas de saúde e o surgimento dos movimentos sociais voltados para as necessidades da população. Destacaram também que a educação permanente em saúde proporciona a construção de novos saberes, mediante a junção de conhecimentos científicos e de saberes populares. Manifestaramse na literatura contribuições relevantes sobre a educação em saúde, por ser uma prática emancipadora do sujeito, atuando como espaço gerador de cidadania.

This article presents the outcome of an integrative literature review on health education and citizenship that sought to understand and analyze the different scientific contributions available. Health education reflects a strategy that seeks a citizen who is a coauthor of the process of building his or her own health care. The LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Center Health Sciences Information) database was used to collect the data in the period ranging from 2000 to 2011, with a total of 79 publications. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final sample consisted of ten articles. The study revealed the prevalence of article studies with more than three authors - predominantly professors -, and of theoretical reviews. The categories that emerged from the study were health education - historical background and conceptual foundations, and popular education as an engine for citizenship. The evidence showed the historical process of the health policies and the emergence of social movements targeting the needs of the population. They also highlighted that continuing health education allows for the construction of new knowledge by blending scientific and popular knowledge. The literature shows relevant contributions on health education, as it is an emancipatory practice of the subject acting as a space that generates citizenship.

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una revisión integradora de la literatura sobre educación en salud y ciudadanía, que trató de conocer y analizar los diferentes aportes científicos disponibles. La educación en salud refleja una estrategia que anhela un ciudadano coautor del proceso de construcción del cuidado de la salud. Para recopilar los datos se utilizó la base de datos LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud), en el período de 2000 a 2011, con un total de 79 producciones. Después de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, la muestra final estuvo compuesta por diez publicaciones. La investigación mostró la prevalencia de estudios con naturaleza de artículo, con presencia de más de tres autores, predominancia de docentes y producción tipo revisión teórica. Las categorías que surgieron del estudio fueron: educación en salud, antecedentes históricos y bases conceptuales, y educación popular como generadora de ciudadanía. Las evidencias mostraron el proceso histórico de las políticas de salud y la aparición de los movimientos sociales orientados a las necesidades de la población. También destacaron que la educación permanente en salud fomenta la construcción de saber, a través de la combinación de conocimientos científicos y conocimientos populares. Se manifestaron en la literatura contribuciones relevantes sobre la educación en salud, por ser una práctica emancipadora del individuo, actuando como espacio generador de ciudadanía.

[Family dynamics in the caring context of adults on the fourth age]. / Dinâmica da família no contexto dos cuidados a adultos na quarta idade.

This study aimed to determine the pattern of family functioning on everyday care relationships of adults in the fourth age. This is a study of diagnostic-evaluative nature of adults with 80 or more years old who depend on care, and of their relatives as caregivers. The participants were selected among the registered patients of a Family Health Unit in a district in the suburbs of Belém-PA, Brazil. They were evaluated according to the dynamics of their family, and quality of life related health lifestyle. Most of the elderly rated their families with good functionality. However, data on the elderly and caregivers' quality of life and caregivers' life style only reached the median level, showing some difficulty in the family functioning system. It was concluded that the multiple results obtained through the assessments indicate some practical implications of care to the family unity and confirm the need for multidimensional assessment about the family intervention.

Dinâmica da família no contexto dos cuidados a adultos na quarta idade / Family dynamics in the caring context of adults on the fourth age / Dinámica de la familia en el contexto de los cuidados de adultos en la cuarta edad

Objetivou-se identificar o padrão de funcionamento familiar nas relações de cuidado cotidiano de adultos na quarta idade. Trata-se de estudo de natureza diagnóstico-avaliativa de idosos de 80 e mais anos, dependentes de cuidados, e de seus familiares cuidadores, selecionados entre os cadastrados nas unidades de Saúde da Família de um distrito de periferia de Belém-PA, avaliando-os quanto à dinâmica de família, qualidade de vida e estilo de vida relacionado à saúde. Observou-se que a maioria dos idosos avaliou sua família como tendo boa funcionalidade. Porém, os demais dados relativos à qualidade de vida de idosos e cuidadores, como também, estilo de vida dos cuidadores recaíram no nível mediano, levando a inferir certa dificuldade no padrão de funcionamento familiar. Conclui-se que os múltiplos resultados obtidos sinalizam implicações práticas de atenção à unidade familiar e confirmam a necessidade de avaliação multidimensional em intervenção de família.

This study aimed to determine the pattern of family functioning on everyday care relationships of adults in the fourth age. This is a study of diagnostic-evaluative nature of adults with 80 or more years old who depend on care, and of their relatives as caregivers. The participants were selected among the registered patients of a Family Health Unit in a district in the suburbs of Belém-PA, Brazil. They were evaluated according to the dynamics of their family, and quality of life related health lifestyle. Most of the elderly rated their families with good functionality. However, data on the elderly and caregivers' quality of life and caregivers' life style only reached the median level, showing some difficulty in the family functioning system. It was concluded that the multiple results obtained through the assessments indicate some practical implications of care to the family unity and confirm the need for multidimensional assessment about the family intervention.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar el patrón de funcionamiento de la familia en las relaciones de cuidado diario de adultos en la cuarta edad. Trata-se de estudio de naturaleza diagnóstico-evaluativo de personas de 80 años o más, dependientes de cuidados, y de sus familiares cuidadores, seleccionados entre aquellos registrados en las unidades de Salud de la Familia, de un distrito de la periferia de Belém-PA. Los mismos fueron evaluados en relación a la dinámica de la familia, calidad de vida y estilo de vida relacionado con la salud. Fue observado que los ancianos, en su mayoría, evaluaron su familia como teniendo una buena funcionalidad. Sin embargo, los demás datos relativos a la calidad de vida de los ancianos y cuidadores, así como al estilo de vida de los cuidadores, fueron de nivel medio, mostrando una cierta dificultad en el padrón de funcionamiento familiar. En conclusión, los múltiples resultados obtenidos en la evaluación señalan implicaciones prácticas para la atención a la unidad familiar y confirman la necesidad de una evaluación multidimensional en la intervención de esta clientela.

Terapias coadjuvantes ao tratamento periodontal de fumantes / Adjunctive therapy to the periodontal treatment in smokers

0 fumo é o maior fator de risco em prevalência, extensão e severidade das doenças periodontal. Fumantes apresentam maior profundidade de sondagem, perda clínica de inserção, perda óssea alveolar e perda dentária do que não fumantes. Além disso, a resposta ao tratamento periodontal em indivíduos fumantes é inferior à de não fumantes e ex-fumantes. 0 objetivo desta revisão da literatura foi discutir o fumo como fator de risco para a doença periodontal, seus efeitos sobre o tratamento periodontal, possíveis abordagens para o tratamento periodontal do paciente fumante e benefícios do abandono deste hábito.

Cateter para hemodiálise: retrato de uma realidade / Catheters for hemodialysis: a reality report

Objetivo: avaliar e descrever as complicações locais e sistêmicas mais freqüentes referentes ao uso do cateter temporário duplo lúmen em pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica em tratamento hemodialítico. Métodos: estudo de segmento realizado por meio de entrevista, inspeção no sítio de inserção do cateter e avaliação de prontuário. Resultados: dos 64 pacientes avaliados 38 (59,4%) eram masculinos, 20 (31,2%) tinham nefroesclerose hipertensiva, 35 (54,7%) implantaram o cateter devido à necessidade hemodialítica imediata, dos 145 cateteres implantados 98 (67,6%) foram implantados na veia jugular direita. A média de permanência dos cateteres foi de 30 dias, as complicações mais freqüentes em 41 (64%) foi o funcionamento inadequado do cateter, seguida de 27 (42,2%) casos de infecção no sítio de inserção. Realizou-se hemocultura em 34 (53,1%) dos pacientes, em que 30 (47%) apresentaram cultura positiva e em 10 (33,4%) isolou-se o Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusão: estudos dessa natureza permitem identificar as situações-problema, e, conseqüentemente proporcionar adequaçãodas ações profissionais.

Objective: evaluate and describe the complications local and systemic most frequent referring to the use the catheter double lumen temporary chronic kidney failure patients under hemodialysis treatment. Methods: segment research carried out through interviews. Results: thirty-eight (59.4%) of the 64 patients evaluated were men, 20 (31.2%) suffered from hypertensive nephrosclerosis and 35 (54.7%) inserted the catheter due to the need for immediate hemodialysis treatment. One hundred forty-five catheters were inserted, 98 (67.6%) of which in theright jugular vein. Average catheter remain time was 30 days. The most frequent local complication was inadequate functioning in 41 (64%) cases, followed by infection of the catheter insertion site in 27 (42.2%) cases. Blood cultures were carried out for 34 (53.1%) patients, 30 of which(47%) had positive results, while Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 10 (33.4%) cases. Conclusions: descriptive studies like this make it possible to identify problem situations and, hence, adapt professional actions accordingly.